The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Ocean currents are continuous movements of seawater driven primarily by frictional drag from prevailing winds, the Coriolis force, and density differences. The global pattern of surface currents is inextricably linked to the planetary wind systems.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The large-scale oceanic circulation pattern roughly corresponds to the Earth's atmospheric circulation pattern. For example, the Trade Winds push surface water westward near the equator, while the Westerlies drive water eastward in the temperate zones.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: In the middle latitudes (specifically the subtropical regions), the air circulation over the oceans is dominated by Subtropical High-Pressure cells, which are anticyclonic. Consequently, the oceanic gyres in these latitudes also follow an anticyclonic pattern (clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere). Cyclonic circulation is typically found in higher, sub-polar latitudes.
- Statement 3 is Correct: In the North Indian Ocean, the direction of surface currents is determined by the seasonal monsoon winds. The currents reverse direction twice a year, flowing towards the east during the Southwest Monsoon and towards the west during the Northeast Monsoon.
Key Takeaway:
Surface ocean currents mirror planetary wind belts. Mid-latitude subtropical gyres are anticyclonic, while the North Indian Ocean currents exhibit a unique seasonal reversal due to monsoons.