The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The impact of urbanization, specifically the creation of impervious surfaces like concrete, on the hydrological cycle. The key processes involved are infiltration (seepage of water into the ground) and groundwater recharge.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Concrete is an impermeable material, meaning it does not allow fluids to pass through it easily. When soil is covered with concrete, it creates a barrier that prevents rainwater from infiltrating (seeping) into the ground. Instead of soaking into the soil, the water flows over the surface as runoff.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Groundwater aquifers are recharged primarily through the percolation of rainwater through soil layers. Since concrete surfaces reduce this seepage, the natural replenishment of the water table is hindered. Over time, this leads to a decline in the water table and reduces the availability of groundwater.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Concrete surfaces seal the soil, acting as a physical barrier between the soil moisture and the atmosphere. This sealing effect prevents or drastically reduces the rate of evaporation from the soil beneath the concrete, rather than increasing it. While the concrete surface itself may get hot, the moisture trapped in the soil underneath cannot easily escape into the atmosphere.
Key Takeaway
Impervious surfaces (like concrete and asphalt) disrupt the water cycle by increasing
surface runoff and decreasing
infiltration, which directly leads to a lowering of the
water table.