The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The economic impact of British rule on India was characterized by the commercialization of agriculture, de-industrialization, and a shift in production patterns to serve imperial interests. These structural changes had profound effects on food security and the occurrence of famines.
Statement 1 is Correct: Under British rule, India was integrated into the global economy as a supplier of raw materials and food. Consequently, India began to export significant quantities of food grains (such as wheat and rice) and cash crops. These exports often continued even during periods of domestic scarcity to satisfy trade balances and revenue demands.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: Famines were not eradicated; in fact, they became frequent and devastating during the British period. India witnessed severe famines, such as the Great Famine of 1876-1878 and the Bengal Famine of 1943, which resulted in the loss of millions of lives. The frequency and intensity of famines were linked to economic policies rather than just climatic failure.
Statement 3 is Correct: The colonial government's policies often worsened the impact of famines. The administration frequently relied on laissez-faire economics, refusing to intervene in markets to control grain prices or halt exports during shortages. Furthermore, high land revenue demands left the peasantry with little surplus to survive crop failures.
Key Takeaway: British colonial policies, including the export of food grains during shortages and a lack of state intervention in markets, significantly compromised India's food security and exacerbated the severity of famines.