Correct Option
The correct option is (a).
Explanation
Fold mountains are formed by the folding of the Earth's crust due to compressional forces generated by tectonic plate movements. They are broadly classified into Young Fold Mountains and Old Fold Mountains based on their geological age and degree of erosion.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Both the Himalayas (located in Asia) and the Alps (located in Europe) are classic examples of Young Fold Mountains. They were formed during the Tertiary period due to the collision of tectonic plates (Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate for the Himalayas; African plate with the Eurasian plate for the Alps).
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Young Fold Mountains are characterized by rugged relief, deep valleys, and steep gradients. Smooth and rounded relief is a characteristic of Old Fold Mountains (such as the Aravallis in India or the Appalachians in North America), which have been subjected to denudation and erosion for hundreds of millions of years.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Young Fold Mountains typically feature lofty, sharp, and conical peaks because they have not yet been significantly worn down by erosional forces. Low and rounded peaks are distinctive features of Old Fold Mountains, resulting from prolonged weathering and erosion.
Key Takeaway
Young Fold Mountains (e.g., Himalayas, Alps, Andes, Rockies) are geologically recent, high, and rugged with sharp peaks. Old Fold Mountains (e.g., Aravallis, Urals, Appalachians) are geologically ancient, lower in elevation, and possess rounded peaks due to extensive erosion.