Correct Option
The correct option is 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Explanation
The Ghaghara is a major trans-boundary river originating in the Tibetan Plateau. It is a significant left-bank tributary of the Ganga and is known as the Karnali in Nepal. Its course involves a transition from the Trans-Himalayan region through deep mountain gorges into the Gangetic plains.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Ghaghara originates in the glaciers of Mapchachungo, located near the Gurla Mandhata peak, south of Mansarovar in Tibet.
- Statement 2 is Correct: After collecting waters from its tributaries-such as the Tila, Seti, and Bheri-it cuts a deep gorge at Shishapani, where the river exits the mountains to enter the plains.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The river Sarda (also known as Kali or Kali Ganga) rises in the Milam glacier in the Nepal Himalayas and joins the Ghaghara in the plains at Brahmaghat.
- Statement 4 is Correct: The Ghaghara flows through Uttar Pradesh and Bihar before finally merging with the river Ganga at Chhapra.
Key Takeaway
The Ghaghara (Karnali) follows the trajectory: Mapchachungo Glacier (Origin) → Shishapani Gorge → Confluence with Sarda (Plains) → Confluence with Ganga (Chhapra).