The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The geographical setting of the Indian subcontinent has played a crucial role in shaping its history. The physical features acted as natural boundaries that defined the region's distinct cultural and political identity while influencing its interaction with the outside world.
Statement 1 is Correct: The Indian subcontinent is bounded by the Himalayas in the north and by seas on three sides-the Arabian Sea to the west, the Bay of Bengal to the east, and the Indian Ocean to the south. These physical features formed natural frontiers that separated the subcontinent from the rest of Asia, fostering the development of a distinct civilization.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: While the Himalayas and the seas acted as barriers, they did not prevent all interaction. The mountain ranges in the northwest possess several passes, such as the Khyber, Bolan, and Gomal passes, which served as routes for two-way traffic for prehistoric migrations, trade, and later invasions. Similarly, the seas facilitated maritime trade and cultural exchange rather than completely isolating the region.
Key Takeaway: The geography of the Indian subcontinent provided relative isolation that allowed a unique culture to develop, but mountain passes and sea routes ensured continuous interaction with neighboring regions.