The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The dynamics of surface runoff, soil erosion, and groundwater recharge, focusing on how different surface covers (vegetation versus concrete) influence the hydrological cycle.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Vegetation acts as a physical barrier to the flow of water. Roots create channels in the soil, and surface litter absorbs moisture. In the absence of vegetation, there is reduced friction and absorption, causing rainwater to flow away rapidly as surface runoff.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Flowing rainwater possesses kinetic energy. When it flows over land, particularly in the absence of vegetation, it detaches and transports the fertile top layer of soil. This process is known as soil erosion. Thus, flowing water has a significant impact on the topsoil.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Concrete is an impermeable material that prevents the seepage (infiltration) of water into the ground. By channeling water into drains, concrete surfaces prevent natural groundwater recharge, leading to a decline in the water table rather than an increase.
Key Takeaway: Vegetation slows surface runoff and aids in groundwater recharge and soil conservation, whereas impermeable surfaces like concrete increase runoff and reduce groundwater availability.