The correct option is 1 only
Explanation
The differential heating and cooling of land and water is a fundamental geographical concept that significantly influences global temperature patterns and atmospheric circulation. This difference arises from the physical properties of solids versus liquids.
- Statement 1 is Correct: Land surfaces are opaque, which prevents solar radiation from penetrating deeply. Consequently, heat is concentrated in a thin surface layer. Furthermore, land has a lower specific heat capacity compared to water. These factors allow land to heat up rapidly during the day (or summer) and cool down rapidly at night (or winter) through radiation.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Water is transparent, allowing solar radiation to penetrate to greater depths. It has a much higher specific heat capacity than land, meaning it requires more energy to raise its temperature by the same amount. Additionally, the continuous mixing of water through waves, tides, and currents distributes heat over a larger volume. Therefore, the sea heats up slowly and loses heat slowly.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Because land heats and cools quickly, it experiences extreme temperature fluctuations. Conversely, the slow heating and cooling of the sea results in a moderating effect known as the "maritime effect." Consequently, the variation in temperature (both diurnal and annual ranges) is significantly greater over land compared to the sea.
Key Takeaway: Land heats up and cools down much faster than water due to its lower specific heat, opacity, and lack of mixing, leading to greater temperature extremes (continentality) compared to the moderate temperatures found over oceans.