The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The distribution of landholdings in India is characterized by a high concentration of small and marginal farmers. The classification of farmers is generally based on the size of their operational holdings: Marginal (less than 1 hectare), Small (1–2 hectares), Medium, and Large (more than 10 hectares). This structural inequality is a central concern in the discourse on inclusive growth and rural livelihoods.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct.
According to the Agricultural Census (e.g., 2015-16), small and marginal farmers (owning less than 2 hectares of land) constitute approximately 86% of the total operational holdings in India. Therefore, the statement that "nearly 80%" of farmers belong to this group is factually consistent with the demographic profile of Indian agriculture.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect.
Large farmers (owning more than 10 hectares) constitute a very small minority of the farming population, accounting for less than 1% of total operational holdings. The majority of the farming population consists of small and marginal farmers, not large farmers.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect.
Small farmers often possess land sizes that are insufficient to generate adequate income for their families throughout the year. Consequently, they do not rely exclusively on their own land. They frequently work as agricultural laborers on the fields of medium and large farmers or engage in non-farm casual labor (such as construction or MGNREGA work) to supplement their livelihood.
Key Takeaway
Fragmentation of Landholdings: The Indian agrarian economy is dominated by small and marginal farmers who hold the majority of operational holdings but control a smaller proportion of the total cultivated area, necessitating supplementary employment for sustenance.