The correct option is (c).
Explanation
The Himalayas have historically acted as a formidable physical barrier in the north; however, the mountain passes within these ranges served as crucial gateways connecting the Indian subcontinent with Central and West Asia.
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The passes in the northern mountains were not impassable until the 19th century. They have provided routes for travelers, traders, and invaders since ancient times. While the oceans restricted interaction in the south for a long period, these mountain passes were utilized by historical figures such as Alexander, as well as Chinese travelers like Fa Hien and Hiuen Tsang, centuries before the modern era.
- Statement 2 is Correct: These land routes contributed significantly to the exchange of ideas and commodities. India's contact with the world through these routes predates its maritime contacts. The ideas of the Upanishads, the Ramayana, the stories of Panchtantra, the Indian numerals, and the decimal system reached various parts of the world through these passes.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The routes facilitated the entry of foreign artistic and architectural influences into India. The influence of Greek sculpture and West Asian architectural styles, specifically the dome and minarets, arrived in India through these ancient land connections.
Key Takeaway: Although the Northern Mountains act as a geographical barrier, their passes have historically functioned as vital conduits for the cross-cultural exchange of trade, philosophy, and architecture between India and West Asia.