The correct option is (b) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The construction and decoration of ancient religious structures, particularly Stupas and early Temples, relied on a diverse system of patronage. Unlike many monumental structures solely funded by royalty, these projects often involved collective community participation recorded through votive inscriptions.Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Kings and queens were not the sole financiers. While royal families provided significant grants, inscriptions indicate that the construction and decoration were largely a result of collective donations from various strata of society.
- Statement 2 is Correct: One of the magnificent gateways (Toranas) at the Sanchi Stupa was explicitly funded by the guild of ivory workers from the nearby city of Vidisha. This demonstrates the economic capacity and religious patronage of artisanal guilds (shrenis).
- Statement 3 is Correct: Historical records and inscriptions confirm that donations came from a wide demographic, including merchants, farmers, garland makers, smiths, and artisans. Monks and nuns also contributed significantly to these constructions.
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: The names of ordinary men and women were frequently inscribed on pillars, railings, and gateways to acknowledge their contributions. These inscriptions often included the donor's name, occupation, and place of residence or the names of their relatives.
Key Takeaway: The patronage of ancient Indian religious architecture, especially Buddhist Stupas like Sanchi and Bharhut, was collective and inclusive, involving contributions from guilds, commoners, and ascetics, rather than being an exclusive royal enterprise.