The correct option is 1 and 3 only
Explanation
Mohenjodaro, a prominent site of the Indus Valley Civilization, demonstrates advanced urban planning characterized by a bipartite division of the settlement into the Citadel and the Lower Town.
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Citadel was physically separated from the Lower Town. It was fortified with walls, which distinctively segregated the administrative or ritualistic center from the residential areas of the Lower Town.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The buildings within the Citadel were constructed on massive mud-brick platforms. The height of the Citadel is attributed to these platforms, which served as foundations to elevate the structures, likely for protection against floods and to signify importance.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Great Bath, a large rectangular tank located in the Citadel, was made watertight by setting bricks on edge and using a mortar of gypsum. Additionally, a layer of natural tar (bitumen) was applied along the sides to ensure effective waterproofing.
Key Takeaway: The Citadel at Mohenjodaro was a fortified, elevated sector built on mud-brick platforms containing significant public structures like the Great Bath, which utilized advanced waterproofing techniques involving gypsum mortar and bitumen.