The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The location of the iron and steel industry has evolved historically due to changes in technology, transportation, and the source of raw materials. The shift is generally categorized into three distinct phases based on the primary factor influencing production costs: raw material proximity, power sources, and market/transport accessibility.Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Before 1800 A.D., the iron and steel industry was small-scale and located where raw materials were easily available. The primary requirements were iron ore, wood (for charcoal), and running water (for power and cooling). Therefore, the industry was located near forests and rivers, not primarily near sea ports for export.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Between 1800 and 1950, the industry shifted towards coalfields. This period marked the use of coking coal as a primary fuel and reducing agent. Since coal is a bulky, weight-losing raw material, it was economically viable to locate industries near coal mines (e.g., the Ruhr region in Germany, Pittsburgh in the USA). Proximity to canals and railways was also essential for distributing the finished steel.
- Statement 3 is Correct: After 1950, the industry began moving towards coastal locations. This shift occurred because iron ore and coal were increasingly imported from overseas, and scrap metal became a significant raw material. Locating on large areas of flat land near sea ports minimized the cost of transporting bulky raw materials from ships to the plant (break-of-bulk points).
Key Takeaway: The location of the steel industry shifted from forests/rivers (pre-1800) to coalfields (1800–1950) and finally to coastal areas (post-1950) to leverage imported raw materials and global markets.