Correct Option
The correct option is (b) 2 only.
Explanation
The Battle of Buxar (1764) was a decisive conflict that consolidated the political power of the British East India Company in India. It was followed by the Treaty of Allahabad (1765), which fundamentally altered the administrative relationship between the Company and Indian states.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. The Battle of Buxar was not fought against Mir Jafar. It was fought between the British East India Company (led by Hector Munro) and the combined forces of Mir Qasim (the deposed Nawab of Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daulah (the Nawab of Awadh), and Shah Alam II (the Mughal Emperor). Mir Jafar had already been reinstated as the Nawab of Bengal by the Company in 1763, prior to the battle, after relations with Mir Qasim deteriorated.
- Statement 2 is Correct. Following the victory at Buxar and the subsequent treaties, the Company began appointing Residents in Indian states. These Residents were political or commercial agents whose primary role was to serve and further the interests of the Company. Through the Residents, the Company officials began interfering in the internal affairs of Indian states, such as deciding successors to the throne or appointing administrative officials.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect. Mir Jafar was not executed by the Company. He remained the puppet Nawab of Bengal supported by the British until his death from natural causes (old age and illness) in February 1765. The Company did not punish him; rather, they used him to legitimize their control over Bengal during the conflict with Mir Qasim.
Key Takeaway: The Battle of Buxar (1764) was fought against the triple alliance of Mir Qasim, Awadh, and the Mughal Emperor. Its aftermath saw the institution of the Resident system, marking the beginning of direct British interference in the internal administration of Indian princely states.