The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The "Basic Structure" doctrine is a judicial innovation by the Supreme Court of India that limits the amending power of the Parliament under Article 368. It holds that while Parliament has the power to amend the Constitution, it cannot alter or destroy its essential features or basic structure.
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Supreme Court, in the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), overruled the Golaknath judgment (1967) and held that the Parliament has the power to amend any part of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights. However, this power is not absolute; it is subject to the condition that the "basic structure" of the Constitution is not damaged or destroyed.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: While the doctrine established a legal check on the Parliament's amending power, it has not "permanently resolved all conflicts" between the Judiciary and the Parliament. Tensions regarding the scope of judicial review and legislative supremacy have continued in subsequent years, evident in cases like the Minerva Mills case (1980) and the striking down of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) Act (99th Amendment) in 2015.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The doctrine was formally propounded by a 13-judge bench of the Supreme Court in the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala on April 24, 1973.
Key Takeaway:
The Basic Structure doctrine balances Parliamentary sovereignty with Constitutional supremacy, ensuring that the core identity of the Constitution remains intact despite amendments.