Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 2 only.
Explanation
The subsistence strategies of the Harappan Civilisation were based on a diverse agricultural system. While direct evidence of agricultural tools is rare due to the perishable nature of wood, archaeological findings such as terracotta models, ploughed field surfaces, and irrigation structures provide insight into their advanced farming technologies.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Archaeologists have discovered terracotta models of the plough at sites in Cholistan and at Banawali (Haryana). These finds confirm that the Harappans used ploughs for tilling the land.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Evidence of a ploughed field was discovered at Kalibangan (Rajasthan), associated with the Early Harappan levels. This field revealed two sets of furrows intersecting at right angles, which suggests the practice of multi-cropping (growing two different crops simultaneously).
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Most Harappan sites are located in semi-arid lands, rather than heavy rainfall regions. Consequently, irrigation was necessary for agriculture. Traces of canals have been found at Shortughai in Afghanistan, and water reservoirs for water harvesting were discovered at Dholavira (Gujarat).
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: The Harappans were familiar with bulls and oxen. Representations on seals and terracotta sculptures indicate that the bull was known, and archaeologists infer that oxen were used for ploughing and transportation.
Key Takeaway: The Harappan Civilisation utilized advanced agricultural techniques, including the use of ploughs, multi-cropping patterns (as seen in Kalibangan), and irrigation systems to sustain agriculture in semi-arid environments.