The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
Social mobility in early India was complex and often contradicted the rigid norms of the Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras. While theoretical texts prescribed strict varna-based duties, historical evidence suggests fluidity in political power, social status, and economic activities.
Statement 1 is Incorrect: In theory, political power was reserved for Kshatriyas. However, in practice, political power was effectively open to anyone who could muster support and resources, regardless of their birth. Many ruling dynasties had diverse origins; for example, the Mauryas were often described as being of "low" origin, while the Shungas and Kanvas were Brahmanas. The Satavahanas also claimed Brahmana status.
Statement 2 is Correct: The Shakas were Central Asian people who were regarded as mlechchhas (barbarians or outsiders) by the Brahmanas. To accommodate them within the social framework, the Manusmriti described them as "fallen Kshatriyas" (Vratya Kshatriyas) because they did not observe Brahmanical rituals. They were not regarded as "high-born" Kshatriyas; rather, their status was a compromise to legitimize their political dominance. The Satavahana ruler Gotami-putra Satakarni explicitly claimed to be the destroyer of the pride of Kshatriyas and sought to stop the contamination of the four varnas by such outsiders.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: Guilds (shrenis) were not static entities. The famous Mandasor stone inscription (c. 5th century CE) records the history of a guild of silk weavers who migrated from Lata (Gujarat) to Dashapura (Madhya Pradesh) in search of better opportunities. Furthermore, the inscription notes that members of the guild took up diverse professions-some became archers, others astrologers, and some renounced the world-demonstrating that they did not strictly adhere to a single hereditary profession.
Key Takeaway: While Brahmanical texts prescribed a rigid social order, historical reality allowed for significant social mobility, where political power was accessible to non-Kshatriyas, foreign rulers were assimilated as "fallen" castes, and occupational guilds migrated and diversified.