The correct option is (c) Both 1 and 2.
Explanation
The employment conditions of sanitation workers within the framework of urban administration and labor rights. It highlights the distinctions between permanent employment and contractual labor in municipal services.
Statement 1 is Correct: The employment status of contract workers in sanitation is characterized as precarious. Unlike permanent employees, contract workers lack job security. They can be terminated without notice, often face irregular wage payments, and have limited recourse to legal protection regarding their tenure.
Statement 2 is Correct: Contract workers are not classified as permanent employees of the municipal corporation or local body; rather, they are often hired through private agencies. Consequently, they are frequently denied the benefits accorded to permanent staff, such as health insurance, pension, and adequate safety equipment (PPE). This lack of safety gear exposes them to significant health hazards and occupational risks.
Key Takeaway: Contractualisation in sanitation work is associated with job insecurity (precariousness) and a lack of essential social security and safety protections compared to permanent employment.