The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Poultry farming involves the rearing of domesticated birds such as chickens, ducks, and turkeys for meat and eggs. Disease management is a critical component of poultry husbandry, as diseases can significantly impact productivity and mortality rates. These diseases are broadly classified into infectious (caused by pathogens) and non-infectious (caused by environmental or nutritional factors).
Statement 1 is Correct.
Poultry diseases are caused by a variety of pathogens, including:
- Viruses: Examples include Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza (Bird Flu), and Fowl Pox.
- Bacteria: Examples include Fowl Cholera, Pullorum disease, and Coryza.
- Fungi: Examples include Aspergillosis (Brooder’s pneumonia) and Aflatoxicosis.
- Parasites: Both external (lice, mites) and internal (worms, coccidiosis) parasites affect poultry health.
Statement 2 is Incorrect.
Nutritional deficiencies have a significant impact on the health of poultry. A lack of essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and proteins can lead to specific deficiency diseases (e.g., Rickets due to Vitamin D/Calcium deficiency, Perosis due to Manganese deficiency). Furthermore, poor nutrition weakens the immune system, making birds more susceptible to infectious diseases.
Statement 3 is Correct.
Vaccination is a standard and highly effective prophylactic measure in poultry farming. It helps build immunity against specific infectious agents, particularly viral diseases like Newcastle disease and Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro), for which no effective treatment exists once the infection sets in.
Key Takeaway:
Poultry health is compromised by biological agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites) and nutritional deficiencies. Effective management requires a combination of proper nutrition, hygiene, and timely vaccination.