The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Paper was invented in China during the Han Dynasty, traditionally attributed to the court official Cai Lun around 105 CE. The invention revolutionized record-keeping and spread gradually across the world via trade routes and cultural exchanges.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: After its invention, the technique of paper making was indeed kept as a closely guarded secret in China for several centuries to maintain a monopoly on the high-value commodity, similar to silk.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The technology of paper making spread to East Asian neighbors like Korea and Japan much earlier than it reached the Islamic world. It reached Korea around the 6th or 7th century CE. It only reached Baghdad and the Arab world in the 8th century CE (specifically after the Battle of Talas in 751 CE). Therefore, it reached Korea before it reached Baghdad.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The traditional method of handmade paper involves soaking plant fibers, beating them into a pulp, spreading the pulp on a screen to drain water, and pressing/drying it. This fundamental process remains strikingly similar to the technique originally developed by Cai Lun.
Key Takeaway:
The diffusion of paper technology followed a specific trajectory: China → East Asia (Korea/Japan) → Islamic World (Baghdad) → Europe. It reached East Asia centuries before reaching the Middle East.