Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 3 only
Explanation
The mountain systems of the Indian subcontinent, particularly the Himalayas and their North-Western extensions, serve as significant physical barriers. While the high ranges act as a climatic divide, specific mountain passes have historically facilitated trade, migration, and cultural exchange.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Khyber Pass (located in the Spin Ghar mountains) and the Bolan Pass (located in the Toba Kakar range of Balochistan) are situated in the North-Western frontier of the subcontinent. Historically, these passes served as the primary gateways for invasions, trade, and migration between the Indian subcontinent and Central/West Asia.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Nathu La is located in the state of Sikkim, connecting India with the Tibet Autonomous Region. Shipki La is located in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. Both are situated in the Himalayan mountain system, not the Western Ghats. The Western Ghats are located along the western coast of Peninsular India.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Himalayas act as a crucial climatic divide between the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia. They shield the subcontinent from the cold, dry continental winds blowing from Central Asia, ensuring that Northern India remains warmer than other regions at similar latitudes during winter. Additionally, they intercept the moisture-laden South-West Monsoon winds, forcing them to shed moisture within the Indian subcontinent.
Key Takeaway: The Himalayas act as a vital climatic barrier protecting India from Central Asian cold winds. While passes like Khyber and Bolan in the North-West were historical gateways, passes like Nathu La and Shipki La are integral parts of the Himalayan range, distinct from the Peninsular Western Ghats.