The correct option is (a) 1 and 2 only
Explanation
Mathura emerged as a significant political, administrative, and religious centre during the post-Mauryan period, particularly under the rule of the Shungas, Sakas, and Kushanas. Thousands of inscriptions discovered in Mathura provide crucial insights into the social and economic life of the era.
Statement 1 is Correct:
The inscriptions found in Mathura are generally short and votive in nature. They primarily record gifts and donations made by individuals to religious establishments, such as monasteries and shrines, rather than being long royal eulogies (prashastis).
Statement 2 is Correct:
These inscriptions provide valuable data on the social structure and economic activities of the time. They explicitly mention the occupations of the donors, including goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket makers, garland makers, and perfumers. This indicates the prosperity and social standing of artisan groups.
Statement 3 is Incorrect:
The practice of making donations and recording them was not restricted to royalty. While kings and queens did make grants, the inscriptions extensively record gifts from ordinary people, including merchants, officers, and artisans. This reflects a society where various classes participated in religious patronage.
Key Takeaway:
Mathura inscriptions are vital historical sources that demonstrate the active participation of ordinary artisans and merchants in religious donations, highlighting the economic vibrancy and social mobility of the post-Mauryan urban centres.