The correct option is (c).
Explanation
India’s geographical location, bounded by the Himalayas in the north and the Indian Ocean in the south, has significantly shaped its historical interactions with the world through both land and sea routes.Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The land routes through the mountain passes are much older than the maritime contacts. For a long period in ancient history, the oceans restricted interaction, whereas the mountain passes facilitated the movement of travelers and traders.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The various passes across the mountains in the north (such as the Khyber and Bolan passes) provided passages to ancient travelers, invaders, and traders. These routes contributed to the exchange of ideas and commodities long before sea routes were fully explored.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, creating a vast coastline. This geographical feature helped India establish close contact with West Asia, Africa, and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast.
Key Takeaway: India's land routes via northern mountain passes predate its maritime connections, while the peninsular shape facilitates extensive maritime trade links with both the East and the West.