The correct option is (a) 1 only.
Explanation
India's geographical location has facilitated interactions with the outside world throughout history. The mode of these interactions evolved based on geographical accessibility and technological advancements in navigation. Historical geography distinguishes between the timeline of overland connectivity via mountain passes and maritime connectivity via oceanic routes.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The various passes across the mountains in the north (such as the Khyber and Bolan passes) provided passages to ancient travelers, traders, and invaders. These routes facilitated the exchange of ideas and commodities (such as the Upanishads, Ramayana, Indian numerals, and spices) long before sea routes were fully explored or utilized.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: The oceans restricted interaction for a long period due to the lack of advanced navigation technology. Consequently, maritime contacts were established significantly later than the land routes through the mountain passes.
Key Takeaway:
Land routes through the Himalayan mountain passes are historically older than maritime contacts, as the oceans acted as barriers to interaction for a long time before the development of sea navigation.