The correct option is (c).
Explanation
Mountains are classified based on their mode of formation into three primary types: Fold Mountains, Block Mountains, and Volcanic Mountains. These landforms are the result of endogenic geomorphic processes acting upon the Earth's crust.Statement 1 is Correct: Fold mountains are formed by compressive forces arising from the collision of tectonic plates at convergent boundaries. This compression causes the sedimentary rock strata to fold and uplift. Prominent examples include the Himalayas (Asia), the Alps (Europe), the Andes (South America), and the Rockies (North America).
Statement 2 is Incorrect: Block mountains are formed through the process of faulting, not by the accumulation of volcanic material. When tensile or compressive forces cause cracks or faults in the Earth's crust, blocks of land may be vertically displaced. The uplifted blocks are known as Horsts (Block Mountains), while the subsided blocks are termed Grabens (Rift Valleys). Examples include the Vosges and Black Forest mountains in Europe.
Statement 3 is Correct: Volcanic mountains are formed due to the accumulation of volcanic material, such as lava, ash, and pyroclastic debris, ejected during eruptions. As this material cools and solidifies around the vent, it builds up a cone-shaped structure. Examples include Mount Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) and Mount Fuji (Japan).
Key Takeaway: The primary distinction in mountain formation lies in the geological mechanism: Fold mountains arise from plate compression (folding), Block mountains from crustal displacement (faulting), and Volcanic mountains from the accumulation of erupted magma.