The correct option is 1 and 2 only.
Explanation
In flowering plants (angiosperms), fertilization triggers a series of post-fertilization events leading to the transformation of floral parts. The primary reproductive structures develop into the propagative units of the plant, while accessory structures typically degenerate.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Correct: Following fertilization, the zygote develops into an embryo. Simultaneously, the ovule transforms into the seed. The integuments of the ovule harden to form the seed coats (testa and tegmen).
- Statement 2 is Correct: The ovary develops into the fruit. The wall of the ovary transforms into the fruit wall, known as the pericarp, which may be fleshy (e.g., mango) or dry (e.g., mustard).
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: In most flowering plants, accessory whorls such as sepals, petals, and stamens wither and fall off (abscise) after fertilization. While sepals may persist in specific families (e.g., Solanaceae members like tomato and brinjal have a persistent calyx), this is an exception rather than the rule. Petals almost always degenerate. Therefore, stating that they always persist is factually wrong.
Key Takeaway
Post-fertilization transformation summary:
- Ovary → Fruit
- Ovule → Seed
- Ovary Wall → Pericarp
- Sepals/Petals/Stamens → Usually degenerate and fall off.