The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The Winter Solstice (in the context of the Northern Hemisphere) refers to the position of the Earth on or around December 22nd. During this time, the Southern Hemisphere is oriented towards the Sun, while the Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from it. This results in summer conditions in the Southern Hemisphere and winter conditions in the Northern Hemisphere.
Statement 1 is Correct:
On December 22nd, the South Pole is inclined towards the Sun. As a result, the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S) receives direct vertical rays from the Sun. This orientation maximizes insolation in the Southern Hemisphere.
Statement 2 is Incorrect:
Because the South Pole is tilted towards the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere experiences its summer season. Consequently, the Southern Hemisphere has longer days and shorter nights. Conversely, the Northern Hemisphere experiences shorter days and longer nights during this period.
Statement 3 is Correct:
The Winter Solstice typically occurs on December 22nd. On this date, the Northern Hemisphere experiences its shortest day and longest night, marking the astronomical beginning of winter in the north.
Key Takeaway:
During the Winter Solstice (December 22), the South Pole tilts towards the Sun, causing summer in the Southern Hemisphere (longer days) and winter in the Northern Hemisphere (shorter days).