The correct option is 2 and 3 only
Explanation
The Kerala mural tradition is a distinct style of fresco-secco painting found primarily on the walls of temples and palaces in Kerala. It represents a unique fusion of indigenous artistic elements with the broader Dravidian mural tradition.
Statement 1 is Incorrect:
The Kerala mural tradition did not conclude within the 10th century. While early rock-cut cave paintings (e.g., Thirunandikkara) date back to the 9th-10th centuries, the classical Kerala mural style reached its zenith between the 16th and 18th centuries. Furthermore, the tradition did not die out; it has been revived and continues to be practiced today.
Statement 2 is Correct:
The Kerala school evolved by interacting with the major South Indian painting traditions of the time. It discriminately adopted stylistic elements from the Vijayanagara and Nayaka schools, such as elaborate ornamentation and iconography, while retaining its own distinct character rooted in local traditions like Kalamezhuthu (ritual floor painting) and performing arts like Kathakali and Koodiyattam.
Statement 3 is Correct:
A hallmark of Kerala murals is the use of vibrant and luminous colours. The palette is strictly restricted to the Panchavarna (five colours): ochre-yellow, ochre-red, white, black, and green (or blue). The colours are derived from natural mineral and vegetable sources, contributing to their lasting luminosity.
Key Takeaway:
The Kerala mural tradition flourished primarily between the 16th and 18th centuries, characterized by the use of Panchavarna (five natural colours) and voluminous, dynamic figures influenced by local performing arts.