The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The "ideal" of democracy goes beyond the procedural aspect of holding elections (minimal democracy) and encompasses substantive democracy. This includes political equality, an informed citizenry, and socio-economic conditions that enable meaningful participation.Statement 1 is Incorrect: The ideal of democracy is based on Universal Adult Franchise, which grants the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of their educational background, wealth, caste, or gender. Restricting the franchise based on educational qualifications violates the fundamental democratic principle of political equality.
Statement 2 is Correct: For a democracy to function effectively, citizens must be able to make informed choices. Therefore, the democratic ideal requires that every citizen has equal access to information and basic education. Without this, the right to vote cannot be exercised meaningfully.
Statement 3 is Correct: In its broader and ideal sense, democracy necessitates a level playing field where citizens are not just politically equal but also have the material means to participate. This implies a fair distribution of resources to prevent gross economic disparities that could undermine political equality. As noted in standard political theory, true democracy requires that citizens have equal resources and commitment alongside equal rights.
Key Takeaway: The ideal of democracy extends beyond the ballot box to include substantive equality, requiring universal franchise, an educated/informed citizenry, and equitable resource distribution.