The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Under the Judicial Plan of 1772, Warren Hastings reorganized the judicial system in Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha. He established a dual system of courts in each district to separate civil and criminal jurisdictions: the Diwani Adalat and the Faujdari Adalat.
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Faujdari Adalat was a criminal court. Civil disputes (relating to property, inheritance, marriage, caste, etc.) were adjudicated by the Diwani Adalat (Civil Court).
- Statement 2 is Correct: The Faujdari Adalat was presided over by Indian officers, specifically a Qazi and a Mufti, assisted by two Maulvis. They administered justice according to Muslim criminal law.
- Statement 3 is Correct: While the interpretation of law and judgment lay with the Indian officers, the court operated under the supervision of the Collector (a European official). The Collector was tasked with ensuring that evidence was properly presented and that the proceedings were conducted fairly.
Key Takeaway: In Warren Hastings' 1772 system, the Collector directly presided over the Civil Court (Diwani Adalat), whereas the Criminal Court (Faujdari Adalat) was presided over by Indian judges under the Collector's supervision.