Correct Option
The correct option is 2 only
Explanation
Federations are broadly classified into two types based on their formation: 'Coming Together' federations and 'Holding Together' federations. In a 'Coming Together' federation, independent states voluntarily unite to form a larger entity to enhance security while pooling sovereignty and retaining their individual identity.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: The USA, along with Switzerland and Australia, is a classic example of a 'Coming Together' federation. It was formed by independent states negotiating a union.
- Statement 2 is Correct: In 'Coming Together' federations, the constituent states usually possess equal powers relative to one another and are strong vis-à-vis the federal government. The feature of unequal powers (asymmetry) or a dominant center is characteristic of 'Holding Together' federations (e.g., India, Spain).
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: The constituent units do not completely surrender their identity. Instead, they retain their identity and autonomy in internal matters, surrendering authority only in specific areas like defense and foreign relations.
Key Takeaway
'Coming Together' federations (e.g., USA) are characterized by strong, autonomous states with equal powers. 'Holding Together' federations (e.g., India) are characterized by a strong central government and often unequal powers among states.