The correct option is (c) 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
The fundamental characteristics of the political system in China, specifically the distinction between a "One-Party System" and a multi-party democracy. In China, the political structure is defined by the hegemony of a single party, unlike the competitive party systems found in democracies like India.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China. The Constitution of China explicitly enshrines the leadership of the CCP. Consequently, the CCP always forms the government, and there is no mechanism for an opposition party to vote them out of power.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: While China is a one-party state in practice, it does not constitutionally ban the existence of any other political party. There are eight other legally recognised minor political parties (such as the China Democratic League and the Jiusan Society). However, these parties exist under the "United Front" system and must accept the leadership of the CCP. They serve a consultative role and are not permitted to function as an opposition or compete for power.
- Statement 3 is Correct: The electoral process in China is not free in the democratic sense. Candidates standing for elections (e.g., to the National People's Congress) generally require the approval of the CCP or the electoral committees dominated by the party. Independent candidates are rare and face significant hurdles, ensuring that only those aligned with the party's ideology contest effectively.
Key Takeaway:
China operates as a One-Party System where the CCP holds a monopoly on power. While other parties technically exist, they are subservient to the CCP and cannot form a government, distinguishing the Chinese system from a true multi-party democracy.