The correct option is (a).
Explanation
Prior to independence in 1947, the political map of India was divided into two distinct categories based on the nature of British authority: British India (Provinces) and the Princely States.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The administrative structure consisted of two primary divisions:
- Provinces: Territories comprising British India.
- Princely States: Territories comprising Native India.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Provinces were not ruled by local hereditary rulers. They were under the direct rule of British officials (Governors or Lieutenant-Governors) appointed by the Viceroy, operating under the British Crown.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Princely states were not ruled directly by British officials. They were governed by local hereditary rulers who acknowledged British suzerainty (Paramountcy). While they enjoyed autonomy in internal administration, their external affairs and defense were controlled by the British.
Key Takeaway:
The fundamental distinction lies in governance: Provinces were under direct British administration, whereas Princely States were under indirect rule through hereditary chiefs subject to British suzerainty.