The correct option is (d).
Explanation
In physics, a force is an interaction that, when unopposed, changes the motion of an object. However, force can also affect the physical configuration of an object. The effects of force are broadly classified into: 1. Change in State of Motion: Altering the speed or direction of an object. 2. Change in Shape or Size: causing deformation (stretching, compressing, bending, or breaking) in non-rigid or semi-rigid bodies.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Squeezing a lump of dough applies a compressive force. Since dough is a malleable material, the force causes the material to deform and take a new shape.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Stretching a rubber band applies a tensile force. This action elongates the band and reduces its cross-sectional area. The act of stretching inherently changes the dimensions and shape of the object.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Placing a weight on a plastic scale applies a load that creates stress. Initially, this causes the scale to bend (deformation). If the force is sufficient to break it, the object undergoes fracture, which is a permanent and drastic alteration of its physical form and shape.
Key Takeaway:
Application of force on an object can result in a change in its shape or size, regardless of whether the change is temporary (elastic), permanent (plastic), or destructive (fracture).