The correct option is (a).
Explanation
The chronological evolution of Indian history from early Neolithic settlements to the Second Urbanisation. The timeline progresses from the first agricultural communities to the Indus Civilization, the Vedic Age, and finally the rise of cities in the Gangetic plains.
Chronological Analysis:
- 2. Beginning of agriculture in Sulaiman and Kirthar hills (c. 6000 BCE):
The earliest evidence of wheat and barley cultivation in the Indian subcontinent is found in the Sulaiman and Kirthar ranges (modern-day Pakistan). This marks the Neolithic transition, occurring approximately 8,000 years ago. - 3. Flourishing of earliest cities on the Indus (c. 2600 BCE – 1900 BCE):
The Indus Valley Civilization, representing India's First Urbanisation, developed around 4,700 years ago. Major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro flourished on the banks of the Indus and its tributaries during this period. - 4. Composition of the Rigveda (c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE):
The Rigveda, the oldest of the Vedas, was composed during the Early Vedic period, approximately 3,500 years ago. This period followed the decline of the mature Indus Valley Civilization. - 1. Development of cities on the banks of the Ganga (c. 600 BCE):
The Second Urbanisation occurred in the Gangetic valley around 2,500 years ago. This period saw the rise of large kingdoms (Mahajanapadas) and cities like Magadha, distinct from the earlier Indus cities.
Conclusion:
The correct chronological order is 2 - 3 - 4 - 1.
Key Takeaway:
The historical sequence is: Neolithic Agriculture (Mehrgarh/Sulaiman Hills) → Indus Civilization (First Urbanisation) → Vedic Age (Rigveda) → Mahajanapadas (Second Urbanisation/Ganga Cities).