The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Biosphere Reserves are designated under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme to promote sustainable development based on local community efforts and sound science. They are intended to demonstrate the balanced relationship between people and nature. A Biosphere Reserve integrates three primary functions: conservation, development, and logistic support.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. A Biosphere Reserve does not focus solely on commercial tourism, nor does it exclude conservation. On the contrary, the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species, and genetic variation is the most fundamental objective. While regulated eco-tourism is allowed in specific zones (Buffer and Transition), the Core zone is strictly protected to ensure the preservation of biodiversity.
- Statement 2 is Correct. The development function is a key objective of a Biosphere Reserve. It aims to foster economic and human development that is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable, ensuring that local communities benefit from the environment without degrading it.
- Statement 3 is Correct. The logistic support function involves providing support for demonstration projects, environmental education and training, research, and monitoring related to local, regional, national, and global issues of conservation and sustainable development.
Key Takeaway
Biosphere Reserves are mandated to fulfill three complementary functions: Conservation (of biodiversity), Development (sustainable socio-economic growth), and Logistic Support (research, education, and monitoring).