Correct Option (c)
Lichens and mosses are organisms well-adapted to survive on surfaces without soil.
Lichens are symbiotic associations, typically between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. They are highly resilient and can colonize bare rock, tree bark, and other exposed surfaces. Lichens are often pioneer species in ecological succession, initiating soil formation. Their nutritional requirements are met through photosynthesis by the algal component and absorption of minerals from the substrate and atmosphere by the fungal component, without needing soil.
Mosses, as non-vascular plants (bryophytes), possess simple structures and can grow in dense mats on various substrates, including moist rocks, tree trunks, and decaying wood. They absorb water and nutrients directly from the environment through their surface, rather than relying on extensive root systems in soil. This adaptation allows them to thrive in environments with minimal or no soil.
Incorrect Options:
Ferns and mushrooms are generally not found surviving on surfaces without soil due to their specific habitat requirements.
Fern (1): Ferns are vascular plants that typically require nutrient-rich soil and moist, shaded conditions for growth. They possess true roots, stems, and leaves, which are adapted for absorbing water and nutrients from the soil. They are not suited for bare rock or soilless surfaces.
Mushroom (4): A mushroom is the fruiting body of a fungus. The main fungal body, the mycelium, typically grows within a substrate such as decaying organic matter (e.g., wood, leaf litter) or soil. It requires these substrates for nutrient absorption and decomposition processes, making it unlikely to survive on a completely soilless, bare surface.