Correct Option
The correct option is 1 and 2 only.
[as per provisional answerkey]Explanation
The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is a measure that captures the simultaneous deprivations faced by households across health, education, and living standards. It complements traditional income-based poverty measures by identifying who is poor and how they are poor.
- Statement 1 is Correct: The MPI is calculated using the Alkire-Foster (AF) methodology. This technique involves a dual-cutoff method: first, identifying the deprivations of each person across various indicators, and second, determining a poverty cutoff to identify the multidimensionally poor.
- Statement 2 is Correct: The National Multidimensional Poverty Index (NMPI) released by NITI Aayog utilizes 12 indicators. While it retains the 10 indicators used in the Global MPI (Nutrition, Child Mortality, Years of Schooling, School Attendance, Cooking Fuel, Sanitation, Drinking Water, Electricity, Housing, and Assets), it adds two India-specific indicators: Maternal Health and Bank Account.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Maternal Health and Bank Account are not common indicators. These two indicators are unique to the NITI Aayog’s National MPI. The Global MPI, published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), consists of only 10 indicators and does not include Maternal Health or Bank Account.
The National MPI of India is aligned with the Global MPI's methodology but expands the framework from 10 to 12 indicators by including Maternal Health and Bank Account to reflect national priorities.