The correct option is (b).
Explanation
Ancient Indian art and architecture are characterized by diverse religious influences, including Buddhism, Jainism, and Brahmanism (Shaivism and Vaishnavism). Identifying the specific religious affiliation and historical context of major archaeological sites is essential for understanding cultural evolution.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Pair 1: Besnagar — Shaivite cave shrine (Incorrect)
Besnagar (ancient Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh) is historically significant for the Heliodorus Pillar. This monolithic pillar was erected around 113 BCE by Heliodorus, a Greek ambassador from the Indo-Greek king Antialcidas to the court of the Shunga king Bhagabhadra. The pillar is a Garuda-dhvaja dedicated to Vasudeva (Lord Vishnu), marking an early archaeological evidence of the Bhagavata cult (Vaishnavism). It is not a Shaivite cave shrine. - Pair 2: Bhaja — Buddhist cave shrine (Correct)
The Bhaja Caves are located in the Pune district of Maharashtra. Dating back to the 2nd century BCE, these are among the earliest rock-cut caves in western India. They belong to the Hinayana phase of Buddhism and include notable Chaityagrihas (prayer halls) and Viharas (monasteries). - Pair 3: Sittanavasal — Jain cave shrine (Correct)
Sittanavasal is a rock-cut cave complex located in the Pudukkottai district of Tamil Nadu. It is a major centre of Jain influence, dating primarily to the Pandya period (7th-9th century CE). The site is famous for the Arivar Koil (Temple of the Arihants) and its exquisite mural paintings, which are thematically Jain and stylistically similar to Ajanta.
Key Takeaway:
Besnagar is associated with early Vaishnavism (Heliodorus Pillar), Bhaja is a Buddhist rock-cut site, and Sittanavasal is a renowned Jain heritage site in South India.