The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Forest ecosystems play a critical role in the hydrological cycle, acting as natural water management systems. They influence water quality and quantity through processes such as interception, infiltration, and transpiration.
Statement 1 is Incorrect: Forests do not act as sources of water pollution; rather, they act as natural filters. By slowing down surface runoff, forests allow sediments to settle and prevent soil erosion. Furthermore, vegetation absorbs excess nutrients and pollutants from the water, thereby improving its quality before it reaches water bodies.
Statement 2 is Correct: The root systems of trees and undergrowth modify the soil structure. Roots create macropores and channels that facilitate the infiltration of rainwater into the ground. As water percolates through the soil layers, physical, chemical, and biological processes filter out impurities, effectively purifying the water.
Statement 3 is Correct: By reducing the velocity of surface runoff and increasing the rate of infiltration, forests allow a significant portion of rainfall to seep underground. This process replenishes aquifers and raises the water table, making forests vital for groundwater recharge.
Key Takeaway: Forests function as "sponges" in the ecosystem, absorbing rainfall, filtering pollutants through soil interaction, and facilitating the recharge of groundwater aquifers.