With reference to the structure of the judiciary under the Constitution of India, what does the term “integrated judicial system” imply?

Correct Option

The correct option is

Decisions made by higher courts are binding on the lower courts.

Explanation

The Constitution of India establishes a single, integrated judicial system for the entire country. This concept, adopted from the Government of India Act of 1935, places the Supreme Court at the apex, followed by High Courts at the state level, and Subordinate Courts below them. This contrasts with a "dual judicial system" (as seen in the USA), where separate federal and state courts enforce their respective laws independently.

Statement-wise Analysis

• The executive and judiciary work together to enforce laws. is Incorrect. The integration of the judiciary refers to the vertical hierarchy of courts, not the horizontal relationship between the executive and the judiciary. Under Article 50, the Constitution actually directs the State to separate the judiciary from the executive.
• Decisions made by higher courts are binding on the lower courts. is Correct. An essential feature of the integrated judicial system is the hierarchy of authority and the doctrine of precedent. Under Article 141, the law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts within the territory of India. Similarly, the High Courts have superintendence and control over the subordinate courts within their jurisdiction. This vertical linkage ensures uniformity in the interpretation and application of laws.
• State courts operate independently of the central Supreme Court. is Incorrect. In an integrated system, state courts (High Courts) do not operate independently of the Supreme Court in terms of jurisprudence. Appeals from High Courts lie to the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court has the power to transfer cases or judges (in consultation with the President). A system where state courts are fully independent of the federal court characterizes a dual judiciary.
• All courts are funded by a single central budget. is Incorrect. Financial integration is not the defining characteristic of the integrated judicial system. While the administrative expenses of the Supreme Court are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India, the expenses of a High Court are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of the respective State.

Key Takeaway: An integrated judicial system implies a single hierarchy of courts that enforces both Central and State laws, where the Supreme Court is the apex authority and its decisions are binding on all lower courts.