The correct option is (d).
Explanation
The financial autonomy of Panchayati Raj Institutions is derived from Article 243H of the Constitution, which empowers State Legislatures to authorize Panchayats to levy taxes and receive grants. The funds available to Panchayats are generally categorized into own revenues, government grants, and voluntary contributions.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Panchayats are authorized to levy, collect, and appropriate specific local taxes, duties, tolls, and fees. Common examples include taxes on houses (property tax), market places, fairs, and water rates. This forms the "own source revenue" of the Panchayat.
- Statement 2 is Correct: A major portion of Panchayat funding consists of assistance from the State and Central Governments for the implementation of specific schemes. These funds are typically routed through the higher tiers of the Panchayati Raj system, such as the Zila Panchayat (District level) and Janpad Panchayat (Block level).
- Statement 3 is Correct: Panchayats are legally empowered to accept donations and voluntary contributions from individuals or organizations for community works and developmental activities. This mechanism fosters community participation and reduces dependency on state funds.
Key Takeaway:
The three primary sources of funds for a Panchayat are:
1. Own Source Revenue (Taxes on houses, markets, etc.).
2. Grants and Scheme Funds (Received from State/Centre via Zila/Janpad Panchayats).
3. Voluntary Contributions (Donations for community works).