The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
The the fundamental properties of fluids (liquids and gases), specifically focusing on fluid pressure, Pascal’s Law, and the effect of gravity on fluid mass.
Statement 1: Incorrect
Fluids exert pressure in all directions, not just on the base. Due to the random motion of particles and their collision with boundaries, fluids exert force on the walls of the container as well as the base. At any point inside the fluid, pressure acts equally in all directions.
Statement 2: Correct
This statement describes Pascal’s Law. It states that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container. This principle is the basis for hydraulic lifts and brakes.
Statement 3: Correct
Fluids have mass, and due to the earth's gravitational pull, they possess weight. This weight exerts a downward force, creating pressure on the base of the container (Hydrostatic Pressure). The pressure at a depth depends on the height of the fluid column, the density of the fluid, and the acceleration due to gravity ($P = h\rho g$).
Key Takeaway:
Fluids exert pressure on all surfaces they contact (base and walls). According to Pascal’s Law, external pressure on a confined fluid is distributed equally throughout the fluid.