The correct option is (a).
Explanation
Modern farming methods, particularly those introduced during the Green Revolution, rely heavily on high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and intensive irrigation. While these methods increased agricultural production, they have resulted in significant long-term ecological consequences affecting natural resources.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: The Green Revolution is directly associated with the loss of soil fertility. The continuous and excessive use of chemical fertilizers required to support HYV seeds has degraded soil health by altering its chemical composition and reducing organic matter.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Tubewell irrigation has had a severe negative impact on the groundwater table. The continuous extraction of groundwater for water-intensive crops has led to the depletion of the water table, pushing it below sustainable levels in many regions.
- Statement 3 is Incorrect: Environmental resources such as soil fertility and groundwater are not easily replenished. Soil formation and the restoration of natural fertility are slow geological and biological processes that take years or centuries. They cannot be restored within a single crop cycle once depleted.
Key Takeaway:
Modern farming techniques, while boosting yield, often lead to the overexploitation of natural resources, resulting in soil degradation and groundwater depletion, which are difficult to reverse in the short term.