The correct option is 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Population distribution is significantly influenced by economic factors, primarily the availability of minerals, urbanization, and industrialization. These elements act as "pull factors," attracting populations to specific regions by creating economic opportunities and improving standards of living.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Areas with mineral deposits attract industries rather than repel them. Mining and industrial activities generate employment, which leads to a concentration of skilled and semi-skilled labor. For instance, the Katanga-Zambia copper belt in Africa is densely populated due to the availability of minerals.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Industrial belts provide job opportunities across various sectors. Apart from factory workers, industries generate demand for transport operators, shopkeepers, bank employees, doctors, and other service providers. The Kobe-Osaka region of Japan is a notable example of high population density driven by industrial clusters.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Cities attract people due to urbanization, which offers better employment opportunities, educational facilities, and medical services. Additionally, superior means of transport and communication in urban areas facilitate mobility and connectivity, making them attractive destinations for rural-to-urban migration.
Key Takeaway: Economic opportunities arising from mineral resources, industrial growth, and urban infrastructure are primary drivers of high population density, acting as magnets for migration and settlement.