The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Climate classification systems organize the world's climates into distinct zones. There are three broad approaches to this classification: Empirical, Genetic, and Applied. Each approach utilizes different criteria such as observed data, causal mechanisms, or specific utility.
- Statement 1 is Correct: Empirical classification is based on observed data, particularly on temperature and precipitation. This method defines climate types by setting quantitative boundaries for these variables. The Koeppen climate classification is the most widely used empirical system, which relates climate data to vegetation boundaries.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: Genetic classification attempts to organize climates according to their causes (genesis). It focuses on the factors that produce the climate, such as solar radiation, air masses, pressure systems, and wind belts. It is not based on vegetation zones; rather, vegetation is typically a parameter used in empirical classifications to define boundaries.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Applied classification is designed for a specific purpose. It defines climate zones based on how climate affects a particular activity or phenomenon, such as agriculture, aviation, energy generation, or human comfort.
Key Takeaway:
Empirical classification relies on observed statistics (temperature/precipitation), whereas Genetic classification relies on the underlying causes (air masses/circulation). Applied classification is problem-specific.