The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Subsistence farming is a form of agriculture where the primary objective is to meet the immediate food needs of the farmer's family. It is characterized by production for self-consumption rather than for trade or profit.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect: Subsistence farming is not practiced for export to international markets. The produce is almost entirely consumed by the household, with little to no surplus available for sale in local or global markets.
- Statement 2 is Correct: This system traditionally employs low levels of technology and relies heavily on household labour rather than hired workers or mechanization. The focus is on maximizing output from limited resources for survival.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Subsistence farming is broadly classified into two main types:
- Intensive Subsistence Farming: Practiced in densely populated regions (such as south and south-east Asia) where farmers cultivate small plots of land using simple tools and more labour.
- Primitive Subsistence Farming: Includes older practices such as shifting cultivation (slash and burn agriculture) and nomadic herding.
Key Takeaway
Subsistence farming is defined by self-sufficiency, low technology usage, and reliance on family labour. It is distinct from commercial farming, which focuses on surplus production for markets.