The correct option is 1 and 3 only.
Explanation
Population control measures encompass policies and practices aimed at regulating the growth rate of a population, primarily through the management of fertility rates via family planning and socio-economic incentives.
- Statement 1 is Correct: Family planning is defined as the educational, comprehensive medical, or social activities which enable individuals to determine freely the number and spacing of their children. It fundamentally involves spacing births or preventing unwanted pregnancies to achieve a desired family size.
- Statement 2 is Incorrect: To encourage population control (anti-natalist policies), governments typically provide tax incentives, subsidies, or benefits to small families. Conversely, providing tax incentives for large families is a characteristic of pro-natalist policies aimed at increasing population growth, which contradicts the goal of population control.
- Statement 3 is Correct: Access to family planning services significantly improves women’s health by reducing the risks associated with frequent, closely spaced, or unintended pregnancies. It lowers maternal mortality rates and allows for better physical recovery between births.
Key Takeaway: Family planning is a critical tool for population stabilization and maternal health, involving birth spacing and contraception, whereas population control incentives are designed to reward smaller family sizes.