The correct option is 1, 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Water transport is broadly classified into inland waterways and oceanic routes. Oceanic routes are critical for international commerce and coastal connectivity, offering the cheapest mode of transport for heavy and bulky goods over long distances.
Statement-wise Analysis:
- Statement 1 is Correct: Maritime transport is the backbone of India's international trade. According to the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, oceanic routes handle approximately 95% of India’s foreign trade by volume and about 70% by value.
- Statement 2 is Correct: Oceanic routes provide essential connectivity between mainland India and its island territories, namely the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep, for both logistics and civilian movement.
- Statement 3 is Correct: India has 12 Major Ports (such as Mumbai, JNPT, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Deendayal, etc.) which are under the jurisdiction of the Central Government. Additionally, there are roughly 200 non-major (minor and intermediate) ports under the jurisdiction of respective State Governments.
- Statement 4 is Incorrect: Oceanic transport is primarily utilized for cargo (freight), especially heavy and bulky commodities like crude oil, coal, and iron ore. It is not the primary mode for passenger transport, which is dominated by road, rail, and air travel due to speed and convenience.
Key Takeaway:
India's maritime sector, comprising 12 Major Ports, handles 95% of the country's external trade volume, serving as the primary logistical channel for heavy cargo rather than passenger traffic.