The correct option is (c) 2 and 3 only.
Explanation
Evaporation is the process by which a liquid changes into a vapor (gas) state. Unlike boiling, which occurs at a specific temperature, evaporation is a continuous process that occurs at the surface of a liquid.
Statement-wise Analysis
- Statement 1 is Incorrect. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, not a bulk phenomenon. Only the particles present at the surface of the liquid participate in this process. In contrast, boiling is a bulk phenomenon where particles from the entire volume of the liquid change into the vapor state.
- Statement 2 is Correct. Evaporation takes place at any temperature below the boiling point of the liquid. While boiling requires the liquid to reach a specific saturation temperature, evaporation can occur at ambient temperatures.
- Statement 3 is Correct. In a liquid, a small fraction of particles at the surface possess higher kinetic energy compared to the bulk. These particles are able to break away from the forces of attraction of other particles and get converted into vapor. During this process, they absorb energy from the surroundings to overcome these forces, often resulting in a cooling effect.
Key Takeaway
Evaporation is a surface phenomenon occurring at temperatures below the boiling point, whereas boiling is a bulk phenomenon occurring at a fixed boiling point.